New genetic data on Tarim mummies disproves my claim that early Tarim mummies were Iranic. It also shows the likely origin of Tocharian languages is in the Dzungarian Basin just north of Tarim rather than Tarim itself. Tarim mummies date from 2000 BC to AD 200 yet this sample only looks at the very oldest of those. Even older samples (3000–2800 BC) in the new study are from the Dzungarian Basin and these samples appear to be Afanasievo derived and therefore are likely the source of Tocharian languages, and if so then the language moved South into Tarim from them, but the early mummies from Tarim itself, at least the 13 in this study which date from 2100–1700 BC, do NOT appear to be Tocharians or even, as I speculated in my video las year, Iranic speaking Aryans, rather an isolated refugia of ice-age like people predominantly descended from Ancient North Eurasians and West Siberian Hunter-Gatherers (WSHG themselves were 72.5% ANE, 7.5% West European Hunter-Gatherer, and 20% Ancient East Asian).
We can't say what language these Siberian mammoth hunters turned lizard-eaters of Tarim spoke (not an Indo-European one though), although we know the genes associated with Tocharian and Iranic speakers both entered the Tarim basin region later on. Interesting that the mummies appear to be European in phenotype despite not descending from Indo-European bronze age steppe peoples who are autosomally like modern Europeans. As the paper says:
“The Tarim mummies’ so-called Western physical features are probably due to their connection to the Pleistocene ANE gene pool,”
So they look physically European because they have ANE DNA. This also answers the question of why some Ainu people from Japan, and some ancient native American skeletons like Kennewick man, look like Europeans; They all have ANE DNA and ANE were obviously Europoid.
This also explains why the material culture of early Tarim people resembles that of Siberian peoples. Take the idols for example:
You find faces similar to this everywhere you find WSHG/ANE ancestry in Siberia and Central Asia. The Mansi, Kalash and Ket all make figurines in similar trends to this day.
It is important to remember that these new samples from Tarim represent only the first 400 years of that burial tradition which lasted a further 1900 years! Without samples from those following long 19 centuries we cannot say for sure when the WSHG people disappeared but I highly suspect that later Tarim mummies like Cherchen man (see below), who died c. 1000 BC, in all probability do have steppe admixture and could well be Iranic or Tocharian speakers.
 |
| Chercen man depicted by Andrew Whyte |
Tocharian and Iranic speakers of steppe descent entered the Tarim basin from different routes at different times, but the original inhabitants were these ANE descended Siberian people and they mixed with the incoming Indo-Europeans. So I still think that Cherchen man and the Yanghai cannabis shaman were both Indo-European people.
So what do we know about the people of this Siberian ANE-rich refugia?
Their race underwent a bottleneck and formed over 9000 years ago
They were homogenous population scattered in the Tarim desert, rarely mixing with neighbours
They adopted pastoralist lifestyle from neighbouring steppe peoples
They consumed dairy products like kefir but were lactose intolerant
They farmed animals - likely due to Afanasievo influence
They were not European but they looked European due to ANE ancestry
They had genes associated with dark skin in SLC24A5 and SLC45A5 like East asians do
We don’t know what language they originally spoke
They likely adopted Tocharian and Iranic languages after mixing with their Afanasievo neighbours of the Dzungarian basin to the North who were related to Yamnaya, and Andronovo neighbours to the West who were Aryans. This occurred sometime after 1700 BC
They buried their dead with ephedra twigs like later BMAC and Iranic cultures did
They made idols similar to those made by other Siberian peoples
/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/51/9f/519fea8a-a215-48fe-ba09-fae09a0bb3e3/kennewick-hero.jpg "kennewick man")
